Then Again Abraham Took a Wife and Her Name Was Keturah
| Keturah | |
|---|---|
 The wives and sons of Abraham, with Keturah continuing at the far correct with her six sons. From the 1630 Venice Haggadah. | |
| In-universe information | |
| Spouse | Abraham |
| Children | Zimran (son) Jokshan (son) Medan (son) Midian (son) Ishbak (son) Shuah (son) |
| Relatives | Sheba (grandson) Dedan (grandson) Ephah (grandson) Epher (grandson) Enoch (grandson) Abida (grandson) Eldaah (grandson) |
Keturah (Hebrew: קְטוּרָה, Qəṭūrā, possibly pregnant "incense";[one] Standard arabic: قطورة) was a wife[2] and a concubine[3] of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.[2]
Ane modernistic commentator on the Hebrew Bible has chosen Keturah "the most ignored significant person in the Torah".[iv] The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be institute in the biblical text.[4]
The biblical traditions apropos Abraham and related characters are generally regarded every bit not-historical by scholars.[5]
Sources for Keturah [edit]
Keturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis,[ii] and also in the Offset Book of Chronicles.[3] Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus,[half dozen] in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.[7]
Louis Feldman has said "Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who, in plow, cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them."[viii]
Human relationship of Keturah to Abraham [edit]
Keturah is referred to in Genesis every bit "another wife" of Abraham[2] (Hebrew: אִשָּה Translit.: 'išāh Translated: adult female, wife[9]). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham'south "concubine"[iii] (Hebrew: פִּילֶגֶשׁ Translit.: pilegeš Translated: concubine[10]).
Keturah and Hagar [edit]
There is disagreement amidst Jewish scholars as to whether Keturah was, or was non, the same person as Hagar (known in Islam as Hājar)—a handmaid of Abraham'due south wife Sarah, and Abraham's concubine (or, in Islamic tradition, his 2nd wife)—who, together with her son Ishmael, was sent abroad by Abraham at the insistence of Sarah.[7] [eleven]
The discussion of Genesis 25:1–vi in the Genesis Rabbah includes statements by Rabbi Judah the Prince arguing that Hagar returned to Abraham and was renamed Keturah. Her new proper noun (Keturah ways incense in Hebrew) is said to refer to the pleasant odour of incense—symbolic of her having turned from misdeeds committed during her fourth dimension abroad from Abraham.[12] Since Keturah is referred to in First Chronicles as Abraham's concubine (in the singular), some scholars ended that this was why Keturah was identified with Hagar in the Midrash and the Palestinian Targumim.[13] An alternative estimation of the proper name Keturah (based on an Aramaic root pregnant "to tie" or "to adorn") is besides cited in the Genesis Rabbah to propose that Hagar did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return.[xiv] The theory that Keturah was Hagar was likewise supported past the 11th-century scholar Rashi.[4] [15]
Biblical scholar Richard Elliott Friedman dismisses the identification of Keturah with Hagar as "an old rabbinic idea" for which "there is no footing ... in the text", and also notes that the idea was rejected by traditional commentators such as Ibn Ezra, Nahmanides, and Rashbam.[four] The Book of Jubilees also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two unlike people, by stating that Abraham waited until subsequently Hagar's death before marrying Keturah.[sixteen]
Descendants [edit]
Keturah bore Abraham half dozen sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. Genesis and First Chronicles also list seven of her grandsons (Sheba, Dedan, Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah).[2] [3] The Book of Genesis records that Abraham gave them gifts and sent them to the East, while making Isaac son of Sarah his primary heir. Keturah's sons were said to have represented the Arab tribes who lived s and east of Israel (Genesis 25:one-6).[17] According to the Judean authors Josephus and Cleodemus Malchus, Punic people were descended from Epher, grandson of Abraham and Keturah.[18]
According to the African writer Olaudah Equiano, the 18th-century English theologian John Gill believed the African people were descended from Abraham and Keturah.[19]
According to the Baháʼí writer John Able, Baháʼís consider their founder, Bahá'u'lláh, to take been "descended doubly, from both Abraham and Sarah, and separately from Abraham and Keturah."[20]
References [edit]
- ^ Schloen, J. David. "Caravans, Kenites, and Casus Belli: Enmity and Alliance in the Song of Deborah." The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 1, 1993, pp. 18–38. JSTOR, world wide web.jstor.org/stable/43721140.
- ^ a b c d east Genesis 25:1–4 (1917 Jewish Publication Gild of America translation). "And Abraham took another wife, and her proper name was Keturah...."
- ^ a b c d ane Chronicles one:32–33 (1917 Jewish Publication Society of America translation). "And the sons of Keturah, Abraham'due south concubine...."
- ^ a b c d Friedman, Richard Elliott (2001). Commentary on the Torah. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 85. ISBN0-06-062561-9.
Keturah. The most ignored significant person in the Torah. Rashi follows an old rabbinic thought that she is Hagar. But there is no ground for this in the text, and other traditional commentators turn down information technology (Ibn Ezra, Ramban, Rashbam).
- ^ McNutt, Paula Thousand. (1999). Reconstructing the Club of Aboriginal Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 41. ISBN978-0-664-22265-ix. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2017-06-28 .
- ^ Flavius Josephus (1930). Josephus: Jewish Antiquities, Books I–IV. Thackeray, H. St. J. (translator). London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 117 (book ane, ch. 15, para. 238).
Abraham after married Katura, past whom he had six sons....
- ^ a b Harris, Maurice (1901). The Talmud Midrashim and Kabbala. M. Walter Dunne. p. 241. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2016-xi-03 .
Rashi supposes that Keturah was i and the same with Hagar—so the Midrash, the Targum Yerushalmi, and that of Jonathan.... simply Aben Ezra and most of the commentators contend that Keturah and Hagar are two distinct persons....
- ^ Feldman, Louis H. (1998). Josephus's Interpretation of the Bible. University of California Press. p. 134. ISBN9780520208537. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ Strong'due south Concordance, Hebrew discussion #376.
- ^ Strong's Concordance, Hebrew word #6370.
- ^ Genesis 21:9–xiv.
- ^ Neusner, Jacob (1985). Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis: A New American Translation. Vol. 2. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Printing. pp. 334–335 (section 61:4). ISBN0-89130-933-0.
'Abraham took some other married woman' ... R. Judah said, 'This refers to Hagar.'
- ^ Vocalizer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). "Keturah". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from the original on 2015-01-23. Retrieved 2015-01-23 .
- ^ Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). "Hagar". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from the original on 2015-01-23. Retrieved 2015-01-23 .
- ^ Rashi on Genesis 25:1 cites Genesis Rabbah 61:five in his commentary: "Keturah: This is Hagar. She was called Keturah considering her deeds were as pleasant as keturah (incense), and because she remained chaste (katrah, from the Aramaic for "restrained") and did not consort with some other man from the day she separated from Abraham".
- ^ Jubilees xix:11. Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). "Jubilees, Volume of". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2014-12-28 .
- ^ Orr, James, ed. (1915). "Keturah". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Chicago: Howard-Severance Co. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- ^ Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel Yard. (2019-12-26). T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Book Two. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 145. ISBN978-0-567-66093-0. Archived from the original on 2022-01-thirty. Retrieved 2021-12-11 .
- ^ Equiano, Olaudah (1995). The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings. Penguin Books. p. 44. ISBN0-fourteen-243716-six. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2020-12-31 .
- ^ Able, John (2011). Apocalypse Secrets: Baha'i Interpretation of the Volume of Revelation. McLean, Virginia: John Able Books Ltd. p. 219. ISBN978-0-9702847-5-four. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2020-12-31 .
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah
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